It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole", "Einstein's gravitational waves found at last", "Gravitational waves detected 100 years after Einstein's prediction | NSF - National Science Foundation", "Focus on the First Event Horizon Telescope Results", "Black Hole Picture Revealed for the First Time", The Foundation of the Generalised Theory of Relativity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_general_relativity&oldid=981811003, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2010, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 October 2020, at 15:10. Within a century of Newton's formulation, careful astronomical observation revealed unexplainable variations between the theory and the observations. The speculative theory that unites general relativity and quantum mechanics is usually called quantum gravity, prominent examples of which include String Theory and Loop Quantum Gravity. Its history goes back to 1915 when Einstein postulated that the laws C Cattani, Early debates on general relativity in Italy, in General relativity and gravitational physics (River Edge, NJ, 1994), 93-110.; S Chandrasekhar, Einstein and general relativity : historical perspectives, Amer. However, in 1913 Einstein abandoned that approach, arguing that it is inconsistent based on the "hole argument". I. In the rst part we discuss Special Relativity, focusing on the re-examination of the structure of time and space. is the Ricci tensor, and During World War I, the work of Central Powers scientists was available only to Central Powers academics, for national security reasons. In 1929, Edwin Hubble found evidence for the idea that the universe is expanding. "[32], The development of the Einstein field equations, The expanding universe and the cosmological constant, O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson (1996), ", For a discussion of astronomers' attitudes and debates about relativity, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Einfluss der Schwerkraft auf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes (On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light)", Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and the 'Greatest Scientific Discovery Ever', "Belated Decision in the Hilbert–Einstein Priority Dispute", "On 'Belated Decision in the Hilbert-Einstein Priority Dispute', published by L. Corry, J. Renn, and J. Stachel", "Black Hole Picture Revealed for the First Time – Astronomers at last have captured an image of the darkest entities in the cosmos", "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. In other words, air, rock and even a vacuum should all have the same density. This set of lecture notes on general relativity has been expanded into a textbook, Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity, available for purchase online or at finer bookstores everywhere.About 50% of the book is completely new; I’ve also polished and improved many of the explanations, and made the organization more flexible and user-friendly. He imagined an observer performing experiments on a rotating turntable. Under Newton's model, gravity was the result of an attractive force between massive objects. There was an illuminating, though probably apocryphal, anecdote about this. The field equations he published in October 1915 were, where This predicted the non-Newtonian perihelion precession of Mercury, and so had Einstein very excited. have asserted that Einstein submitted the correct equations before Hilbert amended his own work to include them. Consequently, in 1907 he wrote an article (published 1908) on acceleration under special relativity. At the urging of Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein began by exploring the use of general covariance (which is essentially the use of curvature tensors) to create a gravitational theory. This and experimental verification have dominated general relativity research ever since. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses. [3] General relativity is also part of the framework of the standard Big Bang model of cosmology. [citation needed] However, Karl Schwarzschild discovered in 1915 and published in 1916[21] an exact solution for the case of a spherically symmetric spacetime surrounding a massive object in spherical coordinates. [9], However, in May 1919, a team led by the British astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington claimed to have confirmed Einstein's prediction of gravitational deflection of starlight by the sun while photographing a solar eclipse with dual expeditions in Sobral, northern Brazil, and Príncipe, a west African island.
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