The flurry of sexual contacts would last for five to 10 minutes, after which the apes would settle down to consume the food.One explanation for the sexual activity at feeding time could be that excitement over food translates into sexual arousal. In the laboratory the apes have been able to learn sign language and to recognize themselves in a mirror, a sign of self-awareness not yet demonstrated in monkeys.Although selecting the chimpanzee as the touchstone of hominid evolution represented a great improvement, at least one aspect of the former model did not need to be revised: male superiority remained the natural state of affairs. While chimpanzee society is competitive and male-dominated, bonobos live harmoniously in matriarchal groups of up to 100 members.
The bonobo is thought to have evolved from the ancestors … But soon the animal was assigned the status of an entirely distinct species within the same genus as the chimpanzee, The species is best characterized as female-centered and egalitarian and as one that substitutes sex for aggression. Bonobos differ from chimpanzees behaviorally as well.
The former supplement with more pith from herbaceous plants, and the latter add meat. It appears to be a completely natural part of their group life. In the end, perhaps the most successful reconstruction of our past will be based not on chimpanzees or even on bonobos but on a three-way comparison of chimpanzees, bonobos and humans.This article was originally published with the title "Bonobo Sex and Society" in SA Special Editions 16, 3s, 14-21 (June 2006)Discover world-changing science. Given its peacemaking and appeasement functions, it is not surprising that sex among bonobos occurs in so many different partner combinations, including between juveniles and adults.
Although we now know Bonobo society is, however, not only female-centered but also appears to be female-dominated. Furthermore, with the average copulation lasting 13 seconds, sexual contact in bonobos is rather quick by human standards.That sex is connected to feeding, and even appears to make food sharing possible, has been observed not only in zoos but also in the wild. It seemed that Leslie had been very close to using force but instead had reassured both herself and Kako with sexual contact.During reconciliations, bonobos use the same sexual repertoire as they do during feeding time. Kako uttered a sharp peep and stayed put. Instead of a few days out of her cycle, the female bonobo is almost continuously sexually attractive and active [Perhaps the bonobos most typical sexual pattern, undocumented in any other primate, is genito-genital rubbing (or GG rubbing) between adult females. Although males are physically larger and stronger, females gain power through strong bonds and alliances, thereby forming a stable “sisterhood.”When a female reaches sexual maturity, she will join another group.
This use of sex becomes clear when studying bonobos in the wild. The first suggestion that the sexual behavior of bonobos is different had come from observations at European zoos. Males do not take part in the rearing process.The bonobo’s diet is largely vegetarian. This idea may be partly true. Honey was provided in a termite hill from which it could be extracted by dipping sticks into a small hole. Several bonobos traveling together in the morning might meet another group in the forest, whereupon one individual from the first group wanders off with others from the second group, while those left behind forage together. Despite their common name--the pygmy chimpanzee--bonobos cannot be distinguished from the chimpanzee by size. Bonobo lips are reddish in a black face, the ears small and the nostrils almost as wide as a gorillas. When approaching a new group, the young female will seek out older, high-ranking females and attempt to form a bond through grooming and sexual behavior.Sexual behavior is predominant in bonobo life. Bonobos are sometimes referred to as the “Make Love, Not War” apes. Furthermore, adult male chimpanzees travel together in same-sex parties, grooming one another frequently. Bonding among male chimpanzees follows naturally because they remain in the community of their birth.
While chimpanzee society is competitive and male-dominated, bonobos live harmoniously in matriarchal groups of up to 100 members. When the apes stand or walk upright, they look as if they stepped straight out of an artists impression of early hominids.Not too long ago the savanna baboon was regarded as the best living model of the human ancestor. (Kinship bonds are said to be primary.) By the age of seven the offspring reach adolescence. The bonobo (/ b ə ˈ n oʊ b oʊ, ˈ b ɒ n ə b oʊ /; Pan paniscus), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee, is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan; the other being the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).
Their present range lies in humid forests south of the Congo River, where perhaps fewer than 10,000 bonobos survive. A female will bear young for the first time around 13-14 years old.
Yet another motivation is probably the real cause: competition. The male might make as many charging displays as he wanted; the females were not intimidated and ignored the commotion.Observers at the Belgian animal park of Planckendael, which currently has the most naturalistic bonobo colony, reported similar findings. The subsequent divergence of the chimpanzee and the bonobo lines came much later, perhaps prompted by the chimpanzees need to adapt to relatively open, dry habitats.In contrast, bonobos probably never left the protection of the trees. But bonobos are quite tolerant, perhaps because they use sex to divert attention and to diffuse tension.Second, bonobo sex often occurs in aggressive contexts totally unrelated to food. Even before the food was thrown into the area, the bonobos would be inviting each other for sex: males would invite females, and females would invite males and other females.Sex, it turned out, is the key to the social life of the bonobo.
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