Surviving more than six times longer than planned, Geotail continues to send back crucial data.� GEOTAIL is a satellite observing the Earth 's magnetosphere. All the PIs, that is, both U.S. and Japanese PIs, can monitor the status of their instruments while the spacecraft is in sight from Usuda, for designing the operation.
It must be said that compared to the situation today, the export/import control problems experienced by Geotail were minimal. Some European scientists also joined the mission through personal invitation from Japanese PIs.The electric field experiment (PI: K. Tsuruda, ISAS) uses (1) spherical probes and wire antennas and (2) the electron boomerang method. . The energetics of the two-phase Geotail mission required that the spacecraft first be launched into the deep-tail orbit, not a Japanese prime goal. Responsibilities were shared in science instruments, telemetry data acquisition, and data processing and archiving. These activities were also aided significantly by periodic joint working group and science working group meetings where issues were openly discussed and resolved.
Uesugi) took the overall command, and the project scientists (T. Mukai, I. Kimura, and M. Acuna) supervised development of science instruments. Scarf.
This document, which has for the most part a predefined format, takes the terms of the MOU and translates them into management organizations, structures, reporting tools, responsibilities, interfaces, and so on. is (jē'ō-tak'sis), A form of positive barotaxis in which there is a tendency to growth or movement toward or into the earth. The Heliospheric Physics Laboratory (HPL), located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Suburban Maryland, USA, operates the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) and its S3C Active Archive. Following the completion of its primary mission, studying the dynamics of Earth’s magnetotail, Geotail’s orbit was modified to allow its study of solar wind’s interaction with the magnetosphere. Two sets of the fluxgate magnetometers were deployed at distances of 4 and 6 m along the 6-m mast. Since then, Geotail has continued the survey of the near-Earth mag- netotail (-10 > XGSM >_ -30 Rz) in the latter phase.
)Hence Nishida decided to propose a complementary mission, OPEN-J, as a Japanese national program. The Geotail mission has provided a wealth of new observations in the deep-tail region (see, e.g., Geophysical Research Letters, 21 (25), 2777- 3034, 1994 and Journal of G'eornagnetism and Geoelectricity, 48, (5-6), 455-957, 1996).
. Several compromise fixes were implemented, but because of the heritage design not all potential problems could be addressed. However, the U.S. project and investigators were concerned about a single failure dragging several instruments and subsystems down.
It was developed by ISAS in association with NASA, and launched by a Delta II rocket on July 24, 1992. The outboard and inboard magnetometers were provided by Japanese and U.S. teams (led by R.L.
© 2020 National Academy of Sciences.
These elements were further enhanced in ISTP with the explosion of these technologies in the United States and Europe. Points (1) through (4) above were also included. In spite of the problems that could be foreseen if the operation failed, there was moral support not only at ISAS where the PI of the LEP belonged but also at NASA.
There was no strong tradition of high-level computing with workstations and networking, and this was a source of some concern to U.S. investigators.
” In spite of the delays in the development of the Wind and Polar spacecraft, all major science goals have been accomplished with important scientific discoveries to Geotail's credit. It was developed by Japan's ISAS in association with the United States' NASA, and was launched by a Delta II rocket on 24 July 1992 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
The sequence of events leading to the NASA-ISAS memorandum of understanding (MOU) has been documented in more detail by H. Nishida.Nishida, A., “International Cooperation in the Geotail Program,” multilateral discussions with Europe and the Soviet Union, and as a result the OPEN program evolved into the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) program with important contributions from the Horizons 2000 program of the European Space Agency (ESA) such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, and Cluster and the multiagency coordination elements developed under the Inter-Agency Consultative Group umbrella for the 1986 Halley apparition involving NASA, ESA, ISAS, and the Soviet Union (IKI). Earlier NASA had let ISEE-3 spend 20 minutes behind the Moon with no power source at all in order to visit a comet and was willing to invest close to $80 million in Cluster scheduled to fly on thevery first flight of an unproven rocket, Ariane 5.
The worth of this operation has been testified to by the fact that in the 5 years since then more than 100 scientific papers have been published based on the observations made by the LEP experiment.During this crucial phase of the mission the upper managements of both agencies were fully informed, but they left the decisions entirely to the project team. and launch the spacecraft into the agreed orbit, (b) represent ISAS to the ELV, (c) provide necessary ELV ground facilities, (d) provide and deliver to Japan U.S. scientific instruments .
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Three other PIs of the GTL mission became co-investigators by combining part of their instruments with the instrumentation of the Japanese experiments in the same area or providing expert advice in instrument design. Japanese protocol required that Geotail be launched on time, such as it was, within a week or so of the intended date planned several years before. .
Interpersonal relationships developed through close and continuous interactions throughout the program at the working level and also played an important role in “translating the untranslatable” whenever things got complicated.
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