Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! Zoology has become animal biology—that is, the life sciences display a new unity, one that is founded on the common basis of all life, on the gene pool–species organization of organisms, and on the obligatory interacting of the components of ecosystems. The work of Morgan and his students established such major concepts as the linear array of genes on chromosomes; the exchange of parts between chromosomes; and the interaction of genes in determining traits, including sexual differences. Much later, the contributions of the Renaissance anatomist Andreas Vesalius, though made in the context of medicine, as were those of Galen, stimulated to a great extent the rise of comparative anatomy. First, and somewhat paradoxically, there has been a reduced emphasis on zoology as a distinct subject of scientific study; for example, workers think of themselves as geneticists, ecologists, or physiologists who study animal rather than plant material. Interest has also increased in the most complex of physiological systems, the nervous system. Each of these can be divided further by the appropriate prefix of sub- or super-, as in subfamily or superclass. In time, therefore, the continued accumulation of variations results in the emergence of new forms. The concept of cellular organization had an effect on embryology that continues to the present day. By force of habit we still continue to speak of the cell ‘theory’ but it is a theory only in name. Another German-trained embryologist, Christian Heinrich Pander, introduced in 1817 the concept of germ, or primordial, tissue layers into embryology. Second, there is an increasing emphasis on a conceptual approach to the life sciences. Most of this work is closely associated with studies on animal orientation and behaviour. They focus on the mechanisms that stimulate courtship in reproductive behaviour of such diverse groups as spiders, crabs, and domestic fowl; and on whole life histories, starting from the special attachment of newly born ducks and goats to their actual mothers or to surrogate (substitute) mothers. But in 1759 the German physician Caspar Friedrick Wolff firmly introduced into biology the interpretation that undifferentiated materials gradually become specialized, in an orderly way, into adult structures. Only animals have nervous systems, with their implications for perception, coordination, orientation, learning, and memory. Since man was even more complex than animals and, moreover, possessed a rational faculty, he therefore occupied the highest position and a special category. Professor of Biology and Science in Society, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, 1982–93. The term ecology, first formulated by Haeckel in the latter part of the 19th century as “oecology” (from the Greek word for house, oikos), referred to the dwelling place of organisms in nature. There has also emerged clearer understanding of the interaction of organisms with their environment. Here are the different branches of zoology and their definitions: The discovery of the gene as a controlling hereditary factor for all forms of life has been a major accomplishment of modern biology. Lastly, the organisms known as decomposers, mostly fungi and bacteria, break down plant and animal material and return it to the environment in a form that can be used again by plants in a constantly renewed cycle. The biochemical study of life had helped in the characterization of the major molecules of living systems—proteins, nucleic acids, fats, and carbohydrates—and in the understanding of metabolic processes. Then, following his own discovery of the mammalian ovum, von Baer in 1828 usefully applied this information when he surveyed the development of various members of the vertebrate groups. zoology - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), zoology - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The twin concepts of homology (similarity of origin) and analogy (similarity of appearance), in relation to structure, are the creation of the 19th-century British anatomist Richard Owen.
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