The hymns preserved in the Rigveda were preserved by oral tradition alone over several centuries before the introduction of writing, the oldest aryan language among them predating the introduction of Brahmi by as much as a millennium. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu. [22] Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs,[23] and phonology. It was not until 1856 that Robert Caldwell published his Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established it as one of the major language groups of the world. Some modern scholars include all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography. For instance, Tamil does not distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops. Literature in Tulu and Kodava is more recent. [49][50] (In his 2000 book, Cavalli-Sforza suggested western India, northern India and northern Iran as alternative starting points. The Kurukh and Malto are pockets of Dravidian languages in central India, spoken by people who may have migrated from south India. In addition, Ethnologue lists several unclassified Dravidian languages: Allar, Bazigar, Bharia, Malankuravan (possibly a dialect of Malayalam), and Vishavan. Another possibility is with the Achaemenid conquest in the late 6th century BCE. A special mark (virama), can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script.[74]. The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social and political trends of various periods. [26] These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakthi poets, such as the Tēvāram verses on Saivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism,[27] and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam. Apabhraṃśa authors include Sarahapad of Kamarupa, Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE), Pushpadanta of Manikhet (9th century CE), Dhanapal, Muni Ramsimha, Hemachandra of Patan, Raighu of Gwalior (15th century CE). Scharfe, Harmut. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil Brahmi. Since then, well over 4000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as Mesopotamia. In 2019, the Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department released a report on excavations at Keeladi, near Madurai, Tamil Nadu, including a description of potsherds dated to the 6th century BCE inscribed with personal names in the Tamil-Brahmi script. The texts of his kritis are almost all in Sanskrit, in Telugu (the contemporary language of the court). [82][83][84] However, it has been argued that the absence of any Old Iranian (Avestan) loanwords in Brahui suggests that the Brahui migrated to Balochistan from central India less than 1,000 years ago. (1897), p490)[39][40][41] The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-language source earlier than Tamil and about the same time as Tulu. [63] On the other hand, reconstructed Proto-Dravidian terms for flora and fauna provide some support for a south Indian origin. The languages of India are divided into various language families, of which the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages are the most widely spoken.
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