Because erythrocytes are packed with hemoglobin, of which iron is an essential component, erythropoiesis requires adequate availability of iron. B lymphocyte development occurs in two phases, first in an antigen-independent phase in the bone marrow and ileal Peyer’s patches (the site of B lymphocyte development in ruminants), then in an antigen-dependent phase in peripheral lymphoid tissues (such as spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue [MALT]). Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal Some forms of leukemia are more common in children. Although coagulation factors are mainly synthesized in the liver, they are included in this chapter because of their inextricable link with the hematopoietic system. Lymphatic system, a subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia is a fairly common disease in dogs and may also occur in other species. In either case, decreased thrombopoiesis is evident on examination of a bone marrow sample as megakaryocytic hypoplasia. Bone marrow, a component of the lymphatic system, is the soft and flexible tissue in the cavities of bone. Increases in the concentration of many blood cells are indicated by the suffix, –osis (erythrocytosis, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and thrombocytosis). As with glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia, the typical magnitude of neutrophilia caused by inflammation varies by species, with dogs having the most pronounced response. For example, splenic congestion may result in thrombocytopenia, and splenic contraction may result in thrombocytosis. 2-13. Sometimes hyperplasia is idiopathic. ESE, Early stage erythroid; ESM, early stage myeloid; LSE, late stage erythroid; LSM, late stage myeloid. In patients with extravascular hemolytic anemia, increased destruction of erythrocytes by splenic macrophages often results in splenomegaly (Fig. Activation of platelets is triggered by soluble agonists, such as thrombin, or insoluble agonists, such as collagen. Activation of platelets is triggered by soluble agonists, such as thrombin, or insoluble agonists, such as collagen. Collagen underlying the damaged endothelium provides structural support for platelet adhesion and clot formation, and also acts as a key biochemical activator of platelets and the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation system (see next section). Although iron deficiency often results in nonregenerative anemia, it is not always so, especially when nutritional iron is not a limiting factor. Platelets (sometimes called. Note the grossly visible agglutination. C, Three acanthocytes with irregularly spaced, variably sized spicules in blood from a dog with hemangiosarcoma. Within the blood vessels, circulating neutrophils are on the highway, and marginated neutrophils are temporarily pulled off to the side of the road. Splenic hypertrophy is usually referred to as splenomegaly and may reflect processes other than hyperplasia or cellular hypertrophy (e.g., congestion). Neutropenia may be caused by decreased production, increased destruction, altered distribution, demand for neutrophils in inflamed tissue that exceeds the rate of granulopoiesis, or inherited disease. Confirming a regenerative response in such cases requires either evidence of erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow or emergence of a reticulocytosis on subsequent days. (note: This terminology can be confusing because “myeloid” also has other meanings. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia include decreased production, increased destruction, increased consumption, altered distribution, and hemorrhage. Platelets normally circulate in a quiescent state, as flattened disks. The classic hematologic picture with iron deficiency is microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Often, but not always, these responses result in decreased concentrations of blood cells in circulation. (Adapted from Kierszenbaum AL: Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology, ed 2, St Louis, 2007, Mosby.). CBC data are often useful in illuminating hemolytic mechanisms.
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