Construction began on Columbia in 1975 at Rockwell International's (formerly North American Aviation/North American Rockwell) principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los Angeles. Because plants cannot move away from stressful conditions, they have developed mechanisms that monitor their environment and direct effective physiological responses to harmful conditions. During the interim, Columbia would be out of service for upgrading, and would not fly again until STS-109. The Plant Growth Investigations in Microgravity (PGIM) payload experiment used plants to monitor the space flight environment for stressful conditions that affect plant growth. It is also named after the command module of Apollo 11, the first cre… It was later determined that the console operator, monitoring the hydrogen gas concentration in the Space Shuttle's aft compartment, where the three SSMEs are located, was fooled by the gas detector's purge cycle, which generated a dangerously high, but spurious, reading in the last seconds of the countdown.The primary objective of the STS-93 mission was to deploy the Other payloads on STS-93 included the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX), the Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging System (SWUIS), the Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR) experiment, the Space Tissue Loss – B (STL-B) experiment, a Light mass Flexible Solar Array Hinge (LFSAH), the Cell Culture Module (CCM), the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment – II (SAREX – II), The Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Local Exhaust (SIMPLEX) payload activity researched the source of Very High Frequency (VHF) The Southwest Ultraviolet Imaging system (SWUIS) was based around a Maksutov-design The objective Gelation of Sols: Applied Microgravity Research (GOSAMR) experiment was to investigate the influence of The focus of the Space Tissue Loss – B (STL-B) experiment was direct video observation of cells in culture through the use of a video The Light mass Flexible Solar Array Hinge (LFSAH) payload consisted of several hinges fabricated from The objectives of the Cell Culture Module (CCM) were to validate models for The EarthKAM payload conducted Earth observations using the Electronic Still Camera (ESC) installed in the overhead starboard window of the Aft Flight Deck. STS-4 was the final test flight for the shuttle; it was thereafter officially declared to be operational. Further, the board determined that, unlike NASA's early claims, a rescue mission would have been possible using the Shuttle The seven crew members who died aboard this final mission were: The debris field encompassed hundreds of miles across The Shuttle's final crew was honored in 2003 when the The musical group Echo's Children included singer-songwriter Cat Faber's "Columbia" on their final album As the second orbiter to be constructed, and the first able to fly into space, Despite refinements to the orbiter's thermal protection system and other enhancements, Another unique external feature, termed the "SILTS" pod (Shuttle Infrared Leeside Temperature Sensing),* Mission cancelled following suspension of shuttle flights following the The report delved deeply into the underlying organizational and cultural issues that the Board believed contributed to the accident. The report was highly critical of NASA's decision-making and risk-assessment processes. The Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus – Isothermal Containment Module (GBA-ICM) was temperature controlled to maintain a preset temperature environment, controlled the activation and termination of the experiment samples, and provided an interface for crew interaction, control and data transfer. These devices included accelerometers, The Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) payload was designed to investigate the effects of space flight on small Twenty-seven were soon melted and the remaining 12 were on board Space Shuttle In 2007, the Mint announced it would for the first time publicly display the 12 space-flown gold dollars at the American Numismatic Association's World's Fair of Money in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Sleeping shuttle astronauts were often awakened with a short piece of music, a tradition that apparently began during STS-93 in 1999 marked the 95th launch of the Space Shuttle, the 26th launch of Columbia, and the 21st night launch of a Space Shuttle. Columbia was named after the American sloop Columbia Rediviva which, from 1787 to 1793, under the command of Captain Robert Gray, explored the US Pacific Northwest and became the first American vessel to circumnavigate the globe. During the main engine ignition sequence, a gold pin used to plug an Because of the leak in the right engine, its controller sensed a decrease in power or thrust—measured indirectly as main combustion chamber pressure—since the leaking hydrogen was not being burned in the Three days previously, in the first launch attempt, the launch was stopped at T−7 seconds, just prior to the SSMEs' ignition sequence, due to a senior console operator manually triggering a cutoff in the countdown. It would also be the last mission of Columbia until March 2002. The Micro-Electrical Mechanical System (MEMS) payload examined the performance, under launch, microgravity, and reentry conditions of a suite of MEMS devices.
The Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payload hardware allowed for sample processing and stowage functions. The launch was originally scheduled for 20 July but the launch was aborted at T−7 secon…
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